EarthSky reports
2019’s first major meteor shower is the Quadrantid shower. Best time to watch is probably late night January 3 until dawn January 4. Northerly latitudes are favored. No moon this year!
Read more: Quadrantids | EarthSky
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 3, 2019
Quadrantids Meteor Shower Peaks Tonight
Posted in Astronomy | Tags: Quadrantids Meteor Shower
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 3, 2019
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Fully Closed
Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks report
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks will be fully closed effective 6 p.m. on Wednesday, January 2. The parks are being forced to take this action for health and safety concerns. This supersedes previous closures.
Posted in Park | Tags: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 3, 2019
2019 Meteor Shower Guide
EarthSky has put out a meteor shower guide for 2019.
Click on each meteor shower for more information:
Late July, 2019 Delta Aquariids
November 5-6, 2019 South Taurids
Read more at EarthSky’s 2019 meteor shower guide | Astronomy Essentials | EarthSky
Comments Off on 2019 Meteor Shower Guide
Posted in Astronomy | Tags: 2019 Meteor Guide
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 2, 2019
Yosemite limits visitors, citing continuing problems with human waste during shutdown
The LA Times reports
Yosemite National Park is limiting entry to its south entrance because of a continuing problem with feces and trash along popular routes in the park. Only visitors with lodging or camping reservations in Yosemite Valley and other park sites will be allowed in on California Highway 41 north of Oakhurst.
Rangers will staff a checkpoint to enforce restrictions from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on the highway, also known as Wawona Road, a news release from park officials said Wednesday. All other visitors may enter farther north along El Portal Road, or California Highway 140.
Read more about campground closures and other limits on visiting Yosemite at Yosemite limits visitors, citing continuing problems with human waste during shutdown – Los Angeles Times
Posted in Park | Tags: Yosemite National Park
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 2, 2019
Climate change 2018: the news wasn’t actually all bad
Vox reports that Climate and energy news in 2018 actually wasn’t all bad
Three big trends are helping us address the climate crisis: better technology, cheaper technology, and more ambitious policies.
Read article at Climate change 2018: the news wasn’t actually all bad – Vox
Posted in Environment | Tags: Climate change, Environment
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 1, 2019
Anza-Borrego Wildflowers 12/31/18
Anza Borrego Desert Natural History Association reports a somewhat more optimistic prediction than the previous post
December 31, 2018
Flower Forecast Update: 2019 Flower Season
We are receiving heavy rain in Borrego Springs on this last day of 2018, and snow above 2500 feet. This storm greatly increases the likelihood of a excellent wildflower bloom this spring. It will be a good year; there will be spring flowers this year in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and Borrego Springs.
It’s too early to say with any certainty when exactly the bloom will take place. It will happen when temperatures warm up in springtime. We could have a prolonged bloom that starts in February and continues into March, or we could have the more typical “peak bloom” scenario that takes place over one or two weeks, typically in March, but sometimes in February. We just have to see how nature decides to make its presentation.
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 1, 2019
Anza- Borrego Wildflowers 12/31/18
Anza-Borrego Wildflowers Guide reports
Bloom prediction, updated December 31 2018
Indication are positive for a below or normal bloom in the months to come.
We still have a way above average bloom in the badlands and some other areas mentioned below.North:
Along the Henderson Canyon Road hundreds of large Geraea canescens, Desert sunflower, some already in bloom. That said the number of plants might not be enough to give a good flower show.
Read More…
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 1, 2019
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Shutdowns
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks reports
The Generals Highway is closed at Hospital Rock in Sequoia National Park. This closure extends through Giant Forest and Lodgepole, through to Lost Grove. The closure includes concession facilities at these locations including Wuksachi Lodge and other concession and partner operations.
Other areas within the Grant Grove area of Kings Canyon National Park are also closed. It includes the road to the General Grant Tree, Big Stump Picnic Area, and Azalea Campground. The Grant Village will remain open, as will Highway 180 for through traffic to Princess Campground and Montecito Sequoia Lodge.
Posted in Park | Tags: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 1, 2019
Birds and Monarchs At Aquatic Park
For New Year’s Day we went to Aquatic Park in Berkeley to see birds and Monarch Butterflies. It was sunny and in the 50’s F.
There were many birds on the water with Buffleheads, Coots, Mallards, Double-crested Cormorants, Common Goldeneyes, Pied-billed Grebes and Gulls most abundant. We saw a large number of Snowy Egrets as well as Great Egrets, Great Blue Herons and Black-crowned Night-herons. There were many Yellow-rumped Warblers and Anna’s Hummingbirds in the trees. We had 36 species on our eBird List.
We didn’t find large groups of Monarchs roosting in the trees but as it started to warm up they did begin to fly in moderate numbers.
click read more to see bird list
Posted in Birding Reports, Birds, Photos (Sandy's) | Tags: Aquatic Park, Birding Report, Monarch Butterflies
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 1, 2019
Bay Area Best Nature Hikes And Clear Skies Today
The San Francisco Chronicle lists on some of the Bay Area’s Best Nature Hikes and encourages people to get out today as
The Bay Area is currently experiencing the best long-distance views of the year thanks to a weather phenomenon that is producing remarkably-clear skies.
Read full article and find out what some of the top Bay Area nature hikes are at Take advantage of the Bay Area’s crystal-clear skies with these scenic hikes – SFGate
Posted in Walks & Hikes | Tags: Best Bay Area Nature Hikes
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | January 1, 2019
12 positive environmental stories from the past 12 months
Birdlife reports of some of the positive environmental stories from 2018
Reading about the environment can sometimes seem like a depressing litany of fading species, increased development, and a warming planet. But there are reasons to be hopeful. As we approach the new year, here are 12 conservation wins we saw in 2018.
January – China Halts Coastal Land Reclamation
February – New breeding ground for White-winged Flufftail
Read full story at 12 positive environmental stories from the past 12 months | BirdLife
Posted in Animals, Birds, Environment | Tags: 2018 Environmental Successes
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 31, 2018
January 2019 CNPS: Meetings and Field Trips
California Native Plant Society Chapters:
If you are interested in information on other chapters go to: http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/
If you are interested in more information on any of the programs below go to the chapter website.
Bristlecone (Mono, Inyo and NE Kern counties) http://bristleconecnps.org/index.php
East Bay http://www.ebcnps.org/
Sunday, January 6, 2:00 pm, field trip to Huddart County Park
El Dorado (Sierra foothills around Placerville) http://www.eldoradocnps.org/chapterPages/home.html
Marin http://www.marin.edu/cnps/
Monterey https://montereybay.cnps.org/events/field-trips
Saturday, January 5, 2019 Fabulous Ferns, Lichens & Fungi—Garland Ranch
Wednesday, January 9 Point Lobos CNPS Mushroom Walk
Sunday, January 13 East Point Lobos—Marks Addition
Sunday, January 20 Mount Madonna Fetid Adder’s Tongue Hike
Wednesday, January 30 Fabulous Ferns, Lichens & Seedlings—Terrace Trail
Sacramento Valley http://www.sacvalleycnps.org/
Santa Clara Valley http://www.cnps-scv.org/
Tue Jan 1 10am – 1pm Año Nuevo State Preserve New Year Hike (San Mateo County)
Sat Jan 12 11am – 2pm First Wildflowers, Mushrooms, and Newts in Huddart Park (Woodside)
Sun Jan 13 10am-3pm @ Almaden Quicksilver County Park, McAbee Entrance (McAbee Rd at Whispering Pines Dr), San Jose
Santa Cruzhttp://www.cruzcnps.org/
Yerba Buena (San Francisco/Northern San Mateo) http://www.cnps-yerbabuena.org/
January 19, 2019 SATURDAY 10am- 1pm San Bruno Mountain: Saddle and Bog Trails
January 27, 2019 SUNDAY from 10 am McLaren Park Mushrooms
Posted in Talks, Walks & Hikes | Tags: California Native Plant Society, Mushrooms, talk, Walks
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 30, 2018
January 2019 Birding Field Trips
January 2018 Golden Gate Audubon Birding Field Trips
For more information on any of the trips below go to http://goldengateaudubon.org/field-trips/fieldtrips/
- Tilden Nature Area, Tilden Regional Park, Berkeley Friday, January 4, 8:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
- Garretson Point and Arrowhead Marsh, Oakland Saturday, January 5, 8:30 a.m.—noon
- Valle Vista Staging Area, Upper San Leandro Reservoir, Moraga Saturday, January 5, 8:30—11:30 a.m.
- UCSF Mt. Sutro Open Space Reserve, San Francisco Saturday January 5, 8:30—11 a.m.
- San Francisco Botanical Garden Sunday, January 6, 8 – 10:30 a.m.
- Lafayette Community Park, Lafayette Sunday, January 6, 8:30 – 11:00 a.m.
(First Sunday Bird Walk)
- Hilltop Lake Park, Richmond Wednesday, January 9, 9:00—10:45 a.m.
Shadow Cliffs Regional Park, Pleasanton Friday, January 11, 9:00 a.m.—Noon
- Chain of Lakes, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco Sunday, January 13, 8:30—11:30 a.m.
- Albany Mudflats & McLaughlin Shoreline State Park, Albany Sunday, January 13, 12:30—2:30 p.m.
- Valle Vista Staging Area, Upper San Leandro Reservoir, Moraga Friday, January 18, 8:30—11:30 a.m.
- King Tide at Meeker Slough, Richmond Saturday January 19, 8:00—11:30 a.m.
- Fort Mason Community Garden, San Francisco Sunday, January 20, 8 – 10:00 a.m.
- Corona Heights, San Francisco Friday, January 18, 8:00—10 a.m.
- Arrowhead Marsh/Martin Luther King Jr. EBRP BICYCLE TRIP, Oakland Monday, January 21, 10:15 a.m.—1:00 p.m
- Lake Merritt and Lakeside Park, Oakland Wednesday, January 23, 9:30 a.m.—noon
- Point Pinole Regional Shoreline, Richmond Thursday, January 24, 9:00 a.m.—noon
- Coyote Hills Regional Park, Fremont Sunday, January 27, 8:00 a.m.—12:30 p.m.
Posted in Birds, Walks & Hikes | Tags: Bay Area Audubon Field Trips, Birding, Birding Field Trips
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 29, 2018
Endangered Species Observers Have Spotted The First Right Whale Calf Of The Season
NPR reports
There is a happy corner of the Internet today, and it is celebrating the first North Atlantic right whale calf sighting of the season. The news is a big deal, considering the fact that the North Atlantic right whale is critically endangered, its total population is only about 450 and not a single right whale calf was spotted last season.
Read full story at Endangered Species Observers Have Spotted The First Right Whale Calf Of The Season : NPR
Posted in Animals | Tags: Right Whale Calf Spotting
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 29, 2018
What the National Climate Assessment Means for the Bay Area
Bay Nature reports “What the National Climate Assessment Means for the Bay Area”
There’s not much to surprise you about what climate change means for Northern California in the National Climate Assessment Report, released by the federal government the day after Thanksgiving. Just page upon page of clinical, detailed, authoritatively sourced reporting to show that absent massive and immediate emissions drawdowns, life here in the next few decades will not be anything like it once was.
There’s not much to surprise, in part, because if you’ve been living in California for the last few years, you’ve already lived the vanguard of the change. The country’s hottest, driest region is getting hotter and drier (except at the immediate coast), and the droughts and heat waves we’ve seen in the last few years will only grow more common on our current emissions path as temperatures rise by another 8.6 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. Mountain snow is decreasing, with some years like 2015 bringing almost no snow at all, and by 2050 many parts of the Sierra Nevada could see only rain.
Read full article at Bay Nature: What the National Climate Assessment Means for the Bay Area
Posted in Environment, Uncategorized | Tags: Impact Climate Change On Bay Area
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 28, 2018
Henry Coe Wildflower Update 12/27/18
Henry Coe State Park has a new wildflower bloom report for December 27, 2018 at the Pine Ridge Association website with photos and a list of flowers now in bloom at: Henry W. Coe – Wildflower Guide.
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 28, 2018
229 new species described by the California Academy of Sciences in 2018:
ScienceDaily reports
229 new species described by the California Academy of Sciences in 2018 From fish to flowering plants and seahorses to snakes — spanning five continents and three oceans — these new discoveries grow Earth’s tree of life
Posted in Animals, Birds, Butterflies, Wildflowers and Other Plants | Tags: 229 new species
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 27, 2018
Anza-Borrego Wildflowers 12/25/18
Anza Borrego Desert Natural History Association reports
December 25, 2018
First Flower Forecast: 2019 Flower Season
Anyone who has read our flower forecasts in the past knows that a desert wildflower bloom is a hard thing to predict, especially early in the season. That said, things are looking very positive right now for an excellent wildflowers bloom this season. In fact, there are some wildflowers blooming right now – more about that later – see below. As for the spring forecast, we had a heavy rain in mid December that percolated down deep into the soil, and we had another light rain yesterday. If this pattern of rain continues into January / February all the conditions will exist for an excellent bloom in 2019.
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 27, 2018
Anza- Borrego Wildflowers 12/25/18
Anza-Borrego Wildflowers Guide reports
12/25/18 Because of the late October rain in the badlands, this might be one of best years for Eremalche rotundifolia, Desert five spot.
12/22/18 Thimble Palo Verde loop
Driving along the S22 we noticed the green plants, so this was a must go location.
The route is following the sandy stretches towards the Palo Verde Wash.
Wow what a great badlands bloom, if it wasn’t for the 999999 Brassica tournefortii Sahara mustard;Asian mustard it would have been so much better.
This is the home of Helianthus petiolaris canescens, Gray desert sunflower and Geraea canescens, Desert sunflower.
A lot of grown up germination and secondary baby’s from the December rain.
This might get much better,.
On our way back the whole area is covered with Pectis papposa papposa, Chinch weed, a very rare sight in December.Species in bloom below 3000 feet: 42.
See photos reports at https://borregowildflowers.com/index.html
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 27, 2018
President Trump’s Retreat on the Environment Is Affecting Communities Across America
The New York Times reported how the Trump Administration’s environmental policies are negatively impacting communities across the country.
Since Mr. Trump took office, his approach on the environment has been to neutralize the most rigorous Obama-era restrictions, nearly 80 of which have been blocked, delayed or targeted for repeal, according to an analysis of data by The New York Times.
Read story atPresident Trump’s Retreat on the Environment Is Affecting Communities Across America – The New York Times
Posted in Environment, Uncategorized | Tags: Trump Administraction Impact on Communities
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 26, 2018
Create A California Illustrated Plant List
Calflora now has a tool that allow you to create an illustrated plant list of California plants.
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Posted in Wildflowers and Other Plants | Tags: California Illustrated Plant List
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 25, 2018
Anza-Borrego Desert Wildflower Prediction 12/24/18
Anza-Borrego Desert Wildflowershas bloom prediction, for December 24 2018
North:
Along the Henderson Canyon Road hundreds of large Geraea canescens, Desert sunflower, some already in bloom. That said the number of plants might not be enough to give a good flower show.
South:
The Canebrake area (Ironwood canyon, June Wash, Vallecito wash) a lot of plants are starting to bloom.
Most visible bloom: Abronia villosa villosa, Desert sand verbena, Ferocactus cylindraceus, California barrel cactus.
East:
Confirmed germination:
Ocotillo Wells, Blow Sand Canyon, Cut Across Road, Military wash, 17 palms, Arroyo Salado (camp), east of Ella Wash, Palm Wash, Big Wash, Travertine Wash.
Palo Verde Wash, Smoketree Canyon.
San Felipe wash ‘road’ along East Butte, is one of the best spots right now, with hundreds of Datura discolor (early bloomer), Desert thorn apple in bloom.
Most visible bloom: Abronia villosa villosa, Desert sand verbena, Ferocactus cylindraceus, California barrel cactus, rare Cylindropuntia echinocarpa, Golden cholla;Silver cholla by the dozens and Datura discolor, Desert thorn apple.
Some Hesperocallis undulata, Desert lily are in bloom, with probably more to follow, but a good bloom for the lily might not happen at all.
Rain effects are visible east of the line Thimble trail (S22) up to Ironwood resort (78).
Check out Tom Chester bloom report
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 25, 2018
California Coastal App
The California Coastal Commission has just released the YourCoast App for iPhones, which offers a free guide to 1,563 coastal access points along California Coastline.
The app will help users discover and get directions to hidden pocket beaches, nature trails overlooking the ocean, scenic campgrounds and waters to kayak, surf or paddleboard. It also provides filters that help users figure out if their new coastal destination has restrooms, parking, disabled access, is dog friendly and other amenities.
For those without an Apple device, some of the same information is available on the Coastal Commission’s website at www.yourcoast.org. Staff is currently researching the possibility of expanding the app for Android users.
Posted in Park | Tags: California Coastal app
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 24, 2018
The Most Important Environmental Stories of 2018 | Sierra Club
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 23, 2018
Birding The Richmond Bay Trail 12/23/18
Great Egret and Snowy Egret
The Richmond Bay Trail has many waterbirds at this time of year. We walked from the parking lot at Pt. Isabel to a little past the Meeker Slough cutoff. As it was a King Tide we hoped to see Ridgway’s Rail. We did get one quick look. Most abundant today were the Scaup, American Wigeons, Coots and White-crowned Sparrows. There continue to be Black-crowned Night-herons in the trees by the parking lot. We identified 40 species. Had we stayed longer we probably would have seen more shorebirds as the mudflats were still mostly underwater when we left.
Northern Shoveler
Click Read more to see today’s Bird List
Posted in Birding Reports, Birds, Photos (Sandy's), Walks & Hikes | Tags: Pt. Isabel Birding, Richmond Bay Trail
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 23, 2018
Fed Plan Sell Arctic Refuge Oil
Defenders of Wildlife News Release
TRUMP ADMINISTRATION ADVANCES PLAN TO SELL ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE TO BIG OIL
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has issued a draft plan to lease the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to the oil and gas industry. The agency’s environmentally destructive, legally inadequate plan would sell off one of America’s last great wildlands to the highest bidder. The proposal fails to fully analyze the long-term impacts of converting wildlife habitat into an industrial oil field or the contribution of leasing and development to global climate change. The Trump administration’s scheme also declines to identify which of four proposed alternatives it has chosen for leasing the coastal plain, further obfuscating this rushed public planning process.
The refuge leasing plan is the administration’s latest move in a series of reckless actions to accelerate drilling both onshore and offshore in the Arctic, including an environmental assessment (EA) for a proposal from the oil services company, SAExploration Inc., to conduct seismic testing across the entire coastal plain beginning this winter.
Jamie Rappaport Clark, president and CEO of Defenders of Wildlife, issued this statement:
“The administration’s Arctic Refuge leasing plan ignores science, turns a deaf ear to public opinion, attempts to skirt the law and paper over a disastrous decision that has already been made.
“Driven by its energy dominance agenda, the Trump administration is intent on selling off the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to Big Oil, regardless of the cost to imperiled polar bears, the Porcupine caribou herd, hundreds of migratory birds and the Gwich’in people, who have depended on the coastal plain for millennia.
“We will see this administration in court soon for its reckless efforts to turn this iconic landscape into an industrial oilfield.”
Posted in Environment | Tags: Arctic Refuge Oial
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 22, 2018
Impact Of Government Shutdown On Pt. Reyes
The Pt. Reyes Seashore association reports on the impact of the government shutdown on Pt. Reyes . Every national park and monument is impacted so if you are planning check out the park website. Here is the Pt. Reyes update on how the government shutdown that went into effect at midnight last night will impact visitor services and PRNSA’s programs at our park.
Point Reyes National Seashore will remain as accessible as possible, while still following all applicable laws and procedures. This means:
- The Park is Open: Park roads, lookouts, and trails at Point Reyes National Seashore, will remain accessible to visitors, but emergency and rescue services will be limited, so please use caution when in the park.
- National Park Service (NPS) Visitor Services Unavailable: There will be no NPS-provided visitor services at Point Reyes National Seashore, including visitor centers, public information,restrooms, trash collection, and facilities and roads maintenance.
- Communication Limitations: Because of the federal government shutdown, NPS social media and websites are not being monitored or updated and may not reflect current conditions. Click here for basic information about the park.
- Campgrounds: The NPS will not be providing services for NPS-operated campgrounds, including maintenance, janitorial, bathrooms, check-in/check-out, issuance of backcountry permits, and reservations. However, visitors in NPS-operated campgrounds will not be asked to leave unless safety concerns require such action. Visitors holding campground reservations should be aware that there is no guarantee their reserved campsite will be ready and available should they arrive during a government shutdown. Campground water systems will not be maintained as potable. Be sure to pack sufficient water or able to treat or filter water.
Posted in Park | Tags: Government shutdown, Pt. Reyes
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 22, 2018
Nature Books As Holiday Gifts
California Fall Color has list of books that help with botanical identification that make good holiday gifts
- Plants of Northern California, Dr. Eva Begley, Falcon Guides
- National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees, Western Edition, Elbert L. Little, Knopf
- Sierra Nevada Tree Identifier, Jim Paruk, Yosemite Conservancy
- Laws Field Guide to the Sierra Nevada, John Muir Laws, California Academy of Sciences
- The Sibley Guide to Trees, David Allen Sibley, Flexibound
- National Audubon Society Field Guide to California, Peter Alden & Fred Heath, Knopf
- National Audubon Society Field Guide to Mushrooms, Chanticleer Press
- Southern California Nature Guide, Erin McCloskey, Lone Pine Press (Kids)
- Northern California Nature Guide, Erin McCloskey, Lone Pine Press (Kids)
- Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, Karen Wiese, Falcon Guides
Posted in Uncategorized | Tags: Holiday Gifts
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 22, 2018
How Government Shutdown Impacts Yosemite
Operations During Government Shutdown
Below is a list of services and facilities that are open or closed. Visitor services may be diminished or areas may be closed due to environmental, public safety, or other unknown factors. We are not be able to update road and weather information.
Emergency Services
In case of emergency, dial 911 for emergency services. Response time may be increased. The Yosemite Medical Clinic remains open during normal operating hours and days: Monday through Friday, 9 am to 5 pm, except holidays (which includes December 24 and 25, and January 1).
Roads
Roads normally open at this time of year remain open, conditions permitting, including Wawona Road (continuation of Highway 41), El Portal Road (continuation of Highway 140), Big Oak Flat Road (continuation of Highway 120 from the west), and the Badger Pass Road. Roads may close in the event of a natural event such as snow storm, rockfall, fallen trees, etc. Tioga Road, Glacier Point Road (beyond the ski area), and Mariposa Grove Road are closed for the season.
Visitor Information
National Park Service-provided information and orientation are not available. Entrance stations are unstaffed (but open). Visitor centers and the Yosemite Museum are closed. The public information office phone line is not staffed. All National Park Service programs are cancelled (programs offered by other organizations, such as park concessioners, may operate).
Posted in Park | Tags: Government shutdown, Yosemite
Posted by: Sandy Steinman | December 22, 2018
Trump Administration To Remove Protections From Up To Two-thirds California Streams
The LA Times reports
The Trump administration is poised to roll back Clean Water Act protections on millions of acres of waterways and wetlands, including up to two-thirds of California’s inland streams, following through on a promise to agriculture interests and real estate developers to rewrite an Obama-era rule limiting pollution.
Posted in Environment | Tags: Loss Clean Water Protections
Natural History Wanderings 